Mecanismos fisiopatológicos, neurohormonales y objetivos terapéuticos en la insuficiencia cardiaca aguda
Resumen
La insuficiencia cardiaca aguda (ICA) se define como la aparición rápida o el empeoramiento de los síntomas o signos de IC. Es una entidad potencialmente mortal que requiere evaluación y tratamiento urgentes y típicamente conlleva la hospitalización urgente. La descompensación de la insuficiencia cardiaca crónica puede ocurrir sin que existan factores desencadenantes conocidos. Se produce una disfunción endotelial que puede deberse a un desequilibrio en el medio neuro-hormonal, inflamatorio, y oxidativo en la circulación y en las células endoteliales. Se produce clínicamente hipoperfusión miocárdica, reducción del flujo coronario, disfunción isquémica, aumento de la rigidez vascular y deterioro de la distensibilidad arterial que agravan en mayor medida la lesión miocárdica. La evaluación inicial y la monitorización no invasiva continua de las funciones vitales cardiorrespiratorias son esenciales. Los diuréticos son la piedra angular del tratamiento de los pacientes con ICA y signos de sobrecarga de fluidos y congestión. La terapia de reemplazo renal se debe reservar para pacientes que no responden al tratamiento con diuréticos. Los vasodilatadores intravenosos son los segundos fármacos más utilizados en la ICA para el alivio de los síntomas; sin embargo, no existen pruebas definitivas que confirmen su efecto beneficioso. El uso de inotrópicos debería estar reservado a los pacientes con disfunción sistólica que afecta a la perfusión de órganos vitales. Los dispositivos de asistencia ventricular y otras formas de asistencia mecánica circulatoria pueden emplearse como tratamiento puente en pacientes seleccionados.
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